Per-bidding-zone grid intensity for the Nordic regions (NO1–NO5, SE1–SE4)

[avalyset]

The real-time-cloud dataset normalises cloud region metadata and grid carbon
intensity across providers. For the Nordic regions, the underlying grid figure
is generally country-level, which is coarse for Norway and Sweden specifically.

Both countries are split into electricity bidding zones that settle
independently, and their carbon intensity differs substantially. Measured for
full-year 2025 from ENTSO-E generation-by-type with IPCC AR5 lifecycle factors,
the nine zones range from 14.53 gCO2eq/kWh (SE3) to 39.65 (NO4) — a factor of
2.7. A single national figure therefore averages over grids that differ
substantially.

Which bidding zone each Nordic cloud region actually sits in is not something I
have a documented source for, and I would not want to assert a mapping I cannot
back. So two questions: is per-bidding-zone resolution something this project
would consider for the Nordic regions, and does anyone here have an
authoritative region-to-zone mapping?

The data is CC BY 4.0 with a DOI, and the method is production-based — a
consumption-based layer is not implemented.

• Dataset: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21042581
• Method: https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.29717
• Code: https://github.com/avalyset/khepri